<https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1683656350046232578>

From Elon Musk:

*"Twitter was acquired by X Corp both to ensure freedom of speech and as an accelerant for X, the everything app. This is not simply a company renaming itself, but doing the same thing.*

*The Twitter name made sense when it was just 140 character messages going back and forth – like birds tweeting – but now you can post almost anything, including several hours of video.*

*In the months to come, we will add comprehensive communications and the ability to conduct your entire financial world. The Twitter name does not make sense in that context, so we must bid adieu to the bird."*

Twitter has officially changed its logo to ‘X’

This is super inspirational. Long read but well worth it. Also his blog is great and he posts very frequently there and on Twitter [@alexwestco](https://twitter.com/alexwestco)

*"There is no epic launch. No epic event. No going absolutely viral.*

*I built the website with a no-code tool and launched it on ProductHunt out of the blue. If people did indeed subscribe, I would rush and create it before by the 1st of the next month and deliver them the list, as my website stated.*

*No pretend work this time.*

*Even those mockups, soft launches, Reddit posts and cold emails had started to feel like "pretend work" now.*

*Just launch already.*

*The launch went well, and I got ten paying customers. Just like that. With a $29/mo price tag, I was at $290 MRR!*

*Some subscriners had business emails as well. I had officially built a B2B product at last!*

*All and all, I went from no idea to $290/mo in two weeks."*

Alex West (getcyberleads.com, $500k/yr) - Two and a half years of building products [2020]

Making this thread so people can introduce each other!

Hi, I'm Jeremy. I made this site last year out of frustration with the comment quality on sites like Reddit, and the anti-crypto rhetoric and lack of "subreddits" on HN. I posted this site to HN last night amidst all the Reddit drama and explained a bit more there so won't rehash everything here: <https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=36301337#36304390>

Anyways I'm a semi-employed full stack web developer from the U.S (Virginia originally, but used to live in NYC). Been traveling the world for the last 5 years (47+ countries). Just landed last night in Seoul, South Korea.

I'm currently building <https://mindgarden.app>, a Notion clone I plan to open source that lets you easily publish collections of documents (eg. as a blog or digital garden).

I've been a pretty staunch advocate of universal basic income and remote work for about a decade now, ever since I worked my first office job. [This video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_YMxx095As) I made on wage slavery got 121k views.

These days when I post online it's mostly on Twitter ([@jeremybernier](https://twitter.com/jeremybernier)) and this [crappy Wordpress blog](https://jsavage.xyz/). My personal website is <https://www.jbernier.com/> (I made it myself...well other than borrowing that super cool animation)

Curious to learn about the other visitors here. Also curious to hear your ideas on what it would take to make a better Reddit / HN alternative.

**EDIT: Updated Introductions thread here: [https://zsync.xyz/p/introductions-k5fcffhx](https://zsync.xyz/p/introductions-k5fcffhx)**

Introductions (June 2023)

Hi I'm Jeremy. I'm building this site because I'm not satisfied with other online community type websites and their lack of innovation (see the /about page). The goal is to make a superior, more open, and more decentralized online community.

The site is still in early stages in active development (see the dev masterthread here: https://zsync.xyz/p/zsync-dev-update-masterthread)

Join us if this sounds interesting! Feel free to send me any feedback or reach out directly!

With Reddit users mass protesting over recent changes, many people are looking for alternatives.The question is, are there any serious viable alternatives to Reddit? What would it take for a competing platform to overtake Reddit's market share?Personally I think it will be extremely difficult for any platform to replace Reddit because it is extremely difficult to overcome the chicken and egg problem where nobody cares about your site if no one else is already on it.Whether or not another PC meme dumpster actually manages to replace Reddit doesn't interest me because I'm not 12 anymore. What I've always wanted is a Reddit-like website where spending time on the website and commenting doesn't feel like being the one grown adult amidst grade school kids, where reading comments and engaging in debate expands one's mind rather than feeling like a depressing waste of time. Reddit post and comment quality has been garbage since the early 2010s, and because downright toxic and completely lost the last bit of trust I had during COVID when no one was allowed to question anything about COVID lockdown policies.I have yet to see any Reddit alternative that accomplishes that or even cares to. But high discussion quality is the primary goal of zsync. If this site cannot achieve that, then it has failed and it shouldn't exist.If you believe in this mission, then you're in the right place.The biggest challenge in retaining users is incentivizing the creation of high quality content. I haven't figured out the solution to that yet. But I think that prioritizing high discussion quality as a core part of the mission is a necessary requirement to retaining a high bar of discussion, otherwise history shows that as social media sites grow, the general quality decreases.I'm very anti-censorship and anti-authoritarian. I think that ideally machine learning algorithms would enable users to see more of the type of content they like (of course with the ability to tweak this or opt out so one isn't enslaved to the algorithm).Also in an ideal world the tech and data would be decentralized rather than monopolized by some private entity, but I don't think the tech for that is there yet. The fediverse seems like a lackluster compromise to me because users are still dependent on private servers that can shut you down anytime.Anyways enough rambling. I hope we'll finally start to see some real competition and innovation in this space because Reddit has had way more staying power than it deserves having been such a garbage platform for such a long time outside a few solid niche subreddits.

Reddit Alternatives

I will post dev updates as comments in this thread.

Feel free to comment with any requests / feedback / thoughts

ZSync Dev Update Masterthread

MetaGPT takes a one line requirement as input and outputs user stories / competitive analysis / requirements / data structures / APIs / documents, etc.

Internally, MetaGPT includes product managers / architects / project managers / engineers. It provides the entire process of a software company along with carefully orchestrated SOPs.

MetaGPT - Given one line Requirement, return PRD, Design, Tasks, Repo

 A Caltech Nobel laureate celebrates his 100th birthday. Then he gets back to work 

[Fable](https://venturebeat.com/games/fables-the-simulation-lets-you-build-a-society-of-ais-based-on-character-nfts/), a San Francisco startup running a big project dubbed [The Simulation](https://venturebeat.com/games/the-simulation-by-fable-makes-everyone-robert-ford/), has released Showrunner AI technology, dubbed SHOW-1, which can generate new episodes of TV shows

Paper: <https://fablestudio.github.io/showrunner-agents/>

AI-Generated South Park Episodes (by Fable)

Solid thread by Sam Hogan <https://twitter.com/0xSamHogan>

6 months ago it looked like AI / LLMs were going to bring a much needed revival to the venture startup ecosystem after a few tough years. 

With companies like Jasper starting to slow down, it’s looking like this may not be the case. 

Right now there are 2 clear winners, a handful of losers, and a small group of moonshots that seem promising. 

Let’s start with the losers. 

Companies like Jasper and the VCs that back them are the biggest losers right now. Jasper raised &gt;$100M at a 10-figure valuation for what is essentially a generic, thin wrapper around OpenAI. Their UX and brand are good, but not great, and competition from companies building differentiated products specifically for high-value niches are making it very hard to grow with such a generic product. I’m not sure how this pans out but VC’s will likely lose their money. 

The other category of losers are the VC-backed teams building at the application layer that raised $250K-25M in Dec - March on the back of the chatbot craze with the expectation that they would be able to sell to later-stage and enterprise companies. These startups typically have products that are more focused than something very generic like Jasper, but still don't have a real technology moat; the products are easy to copy. 

Executives at enterprise companies are excited about AI, and have been vocal about this from the beginning. This led a lot of founders and VC's to believe these companies would make good first customers. What the startups building for these companies failed to realize is just how aligned and savvy executives and the engineers they manage would be at quickly getting AI into production using open-source tools. An engineering leader would rather spin up their own 
@LangChainAI
 and 
@trychroma
 infrastructure for free and build tech themselves than buy something from a new, unproven startup (and maybe pick up a promotion along the way). 

In short, large companies are opting to write their own AI success stories rather than being a part of the growth metrics a new AI startup needs to raise their next round. 

(This is part of an ongoing shift in the way technology is adopted; I'll discuss this in a post next week.)

This brings us to our first group of winners — established companies and market incumbents. Most of them had little trouble adding AI into their products or hacking together some sort of "chat-your-docs" application internally for employee use. This came as a surprise to me. Most of these companies seemed to be asleep at the wheel for years. They somehow woke up and have been able to successfully navigate the LLM craze with ample dexterity. 

There are two causes for this:
1\. Getting AI right is a life or death proposition for many of these companies and their executives; failure here would mean a slow death over the next several years. They can't risk putting their future in the hands of a new startup that could fail and would rather lead projects internally to make absolutely sure things go as intended.
2\. There is a certain amount of kick-ass wafting through halls of the C-Suite right now. Ambitious projects are being green-lit and supported in ways they weren't a few years ago. I think we owe this in part to 
@elonmusk
 reminding us of what is possible when a small group of smart people are highly motivated to get things done. Reduce red-tape, increase personal responsibility, and watch the magic happen.

Our second group of winners live on the opposite side of this spectrum; indie devs and solopreneurs. These small, often one-man outfits do not raise outside capital or build big teams. They're advantage is their small size and ability to move very quickly with low overhead. They build niche products for niche markets, which they often dominate. The goal is build a saas product (or multiple) that generates \~$10k/mo in relatively passive income. This is sometimes called "mirco-saas."

These are the 
@levelsio
's and 
@dannypostmaa
's of the world. They are part software devs, part content marketers, and full-time modern internet businessmen. They answer to no one except the markets and their own intuition.

This is the biggest group of winners right now. Unconstrained by the need for a $1B+ exit or the goal of $100MM ARR, they build and launch products in rapid-fire fashion, iterating until PMF and cashflow, and moving on to the next. They ruthlessly shutdown products that are not performing. 

LLMs and text-to-image models a la Stable Diffusion have been a boon for these entrepreneurs, and I personally know of dozens of successful (keeping in mind their definition of successful) apps that were started less than 6 months ago. The lifestyle and freedom these endeavors afford to those that perform well is also quite enticing. 

I think we will continue to see the number of successful micro-saas AI apps grow in the next 12 months. This could possibly become one of the biggest cohorts creating real value with this technology. 

The last group I want to talk about are the AI Moonshots — companies that are fundamentally re-imagining an entire industry from the ground up. Generally, these companies are VC-backed and building products that have the potential to redefine how a small group of highly-skilled humans interact with and are assisted by technology. It's too early to tell if they'll be successful or not; early prototypes have been compelling. This is certainly the most exciting segment to watch. 

A few companies I would put in this group are:
1\. https://cursor.so - an AI-first code editor that could very well change how software is written.
2\. https://harvey.ai - AI for legal practices
3\. https://runwayml.com - an AI-powered video editor

This is an incomplete list, but overall I think the Moonshot category needs to grow massively if we're going to see the AI-powered future we've all been hoping for.

If you're a founder in the $250K-25M raised category and are having a hard time finding PMF for your chatbot or LLMOps company, it may be time to consider pivoting to something more ambitious.

Lets recap:
1\. VC-backed companies are having a hard time. The more money a company raised, the more pain they're feeling.
2\. Incumbents and market leaders are quickly become adept at deploying cutting-edge AI using internal teams and open-source, off-the-shelf technology, cutting out what seemed to be good opportunities for VC-backed startups.
3\. Indie devs are building small, cash-flowing businesses by quickly shipping niche AI-powered products in niche markets.
4\. A small number of promising Moonshot companies with unproven technology hold the most potential for VC-sized returns.

It's still early. This landscape will continue to change as new foundational models are released and toolchains improve. I'm sure you can find counter examples to everything I've written about here. Put them in the comments for others to see.

And just to be upfront about this, I fall squarely into the "raised $250K-25M without PMF" category. If you're a founder in the same boat, I'd love to talk. My DMs are open.

If you enjoyed this post, don't forget to follow me, Sam Hogan. I share one long-form post per week covering AI, startups, open-source, and more. 

That's all folks! Thanks for reading. See you next week.

```markdown
```

AI Startup Market Outlook

&gt; "There will be no programmers in five years.” -Emad Mostaque, founder and CEO of Stability AI (Stable Diffusion)

I agree with this, except I’d put the timeframe more conservatively around 10 years.

I think in 5 years, most software development will be done by computers. Humans will prompt AIs that generate the code. AI at that point will be able to work within existing codebases and implement trivial feature requests on its own, detect and fix bugs, and debug itself.

In 10 years, AI will unquestionably be superior to humans in software development – just like AI is already better than humans at chess and Go. Handwritten code will not only be considered useless, but writing code by hand will be considered bad practice because humans will be considered less reliable and more error-prone than the machine.

A “software engineer” in 2033 will be more of a CTO-like managerial position where that person is in charge of the tech of an organization, but they’re delegating the tasks to AIs. Companies will need less and less software engineers as the AI advances and ultimately displaces humans. Of course there will be engineers building and maintaining the AI, researching, and working at the bleeding edge, but overall there will be significantly less demand for human engineers. What few jobs remain will be higher demanding since AI will only improve – and a human has to be able to do what an AI can’t in order to be useful – a bar that will only get higher and higher until it is eventually unattainable.

With humans rendered economically obsolete to machines, governments will have no choice but to implement a universal basic income in order to prevent mass poverty and chaos. Unfortunately a lot of workers will be displaced and people will suffer before governments implement UBI due to the enormous capitalistic brainwashing against UBI.

### Why this time is different

The reason technological advancement will actually result in net job destruction this time is because technology is getting better than humans and approaching Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT can reason, and thus solve problems it hasn’t specifically been programmed to. In the past, technology had to be built to solve a specific problem in order for the human to be rendered obsolete (eg. the loom), but AGI can solve any problem. As we approach AGI, the only value that humans can provide will be that which AGI is not yet capable of solving. There is no upper bound on how smart AIs can get, but humans have a clear biological ceiling.

### AI will beat humans at software development

Just like AI is superior to humans at games like chess and Go, there’s no reason that AI won’t reign supreme when it comes to programming. AI can already pass Google’s coding interview, the bar exam, MCAT, etc. at a speed that no human could even come close to – like a flashlight competing with a sloth.

Humans look at ChatGPT now and laugh at its often nonsensical answers and hallucinations. Yes, but you’re looking at the equivalent of one of the first computers in the 1950s, or dialup internet in the 90s, a floppy disk with 1MB capacity, or mobile in 2007. Remember, ChatGPT was only released November 30, 2022. OpenAI’s Code Interpreter was released in beta last week to ChatGPT Plus users, an AI that can execute Python code and that you can upload files to. We’re in the first inning of an AI arms race, and at the speed at which things are progressing, it’s pretty clear that AI will be drastically more developed even just another 6 months from now.

As a software engineer, I have full awareness that most of what I know that makes me valuable will be obsolete within a decade because AI will be able to do it faster, cheaper, and better.

The stages of AI progress in software engineering look something like this:

1. Chatbots tell you the answer, for example by giving you code, which you then need to copy & paste in the right files – adjusting to fit within your codebase.
2. AI assistants write the code directly inside your codebase (eg. like “autocomplete” except with a task more complex than simply predicting the end of the word you’re typing)
3. AI assistants/agents execute the code, and debug itself to correct any errors

The reality is that the vast majority of dev work has already been done before, and thus is very trivial to replace with AI.

Humans basically get paid by arbitraging knowledge and producing some output. Software engineers have knowledge of tools, libraries, frameworks, commands, version control, infrastructure, data structures & algorithms, networking, APIs, etc. and use this to write computer programs and create software.

Search engines, Stackoverflow, open source, internet forums, tutorials, Youtube, books, etc. democratized much of this knowledge – but still require a human to research and utilize this information to create software by writing computer code.

AI can do all of this far superior to humans because AI has all of the world’s knowledge, and can execute at the speed of light.

Even if AI code were to be inferior to human code – which by the end of the decade certainly won’t be the case (just like AI beats humanity’s best chess and Go players), humans are still going to be rendered mostly obsolete. Businesses don’t care about code, they want solutions that improve their bottom line. If an AI can solve the problem with half the performance and code quality in a couple minutes, is available 24/7, and only costs pennies/dollars, vs. a team of engineers with $200k/yr salaries taking a month, only available during business hours, and with vacation time, maternity/paternity leave, and other liabilities – who do you think is going to win out? Remember the AI is only going to get better, faster, and more knowledgeable, while humans are biologically limited in work output, and there will be a point where humans no longer have the edge.

I think it’s fairly obvious at this point that AI will supplant humans, but **most people are drastically underestimating how quickly this is all going to happen because most humans struggle to understand exponential growth.**

I don’t have a crystal ball, but here are some rough conservative predictions I’ll make off the top of my head:

- 2024-07-14 – AI agents can create codebases, write code in existing codebases directed by prompts (eg. “add this feature”, “create this API endpoint that does this”), and debug itself (eg. detect compilation/runtime errors and patch them). The tech will be slow and awful at first so engineers will initially laugh at it claiming they’re not worried about their jobs.
- 2025-7-14 (2 years from now) – These AI agents will start becoming reasonable enough to where they’ll automate the more mundane / trivial work. People will still have to know what to prompt to get the right results, and modify and fine tune the resulting AI-generated code, but AI will start to take the driver’s seat. Instead of the default being for the human to start tackling the problem and ask the AI for help when in need of assistance, it’ll start to become expected to let the AI tackle the problem, and bring in a human when that fails.
- 2026-7-14 (3 years from now) – AI agents start becoming competent enough to where their belonging is no longer questioned. Everyone is using them in some capacity. AI is the driver, but humans are still necessary to direct them and handle the edge cases where they fail. Typical dev work like building trivial web apps and APIs is a commodity at this point and nobody is doing that by hand.
- 2027-7-14 (4 years from now) – AI is the norm. At this point as an engineer you’re either working on building the AI itself, or you’re using the AI. The job of an engineer has evolved from less hand-writing code, to more of a managerial CTO type position, except instead of delegating to other managers and engineers, one is delegating to AI agents.
- 2028-7-14 (5 years from now) – So much human work has been made obsolete by AI that all governments in the modern world have implemented universal basic income.

### How to position yourself

Tech was always a rapidly evolving field that required constantly staying on top of the latest advancements, but that’s only going to exponentially increase.

- Stay ahead of the curve on AI advancement. Ensure you’re leveraging the most advanced tools.
- Don’t be overly married or emotionally invested in any one programming language, library, framework, or technology. Assume it will get displaced sooner than you think.
- Learn architecture and systems design. As we move up the ladder of abstraction, an engineer’s focus and responsibility will be more on deciding *what* to implement, rather than actually implementing the thing. Individual contributors (ICs) will become more like managers directing AIs.
- Stay humble. Assume that everything you know will be irrelevant in a few years.
- Either seek to become more of a CTO-like generalist, entrepreneur, or pick a specialty/niche (eg. machine learning, distributed systems, product, etc.) to stay at the forefront of. If you specialize, realize that you’re competing with AI.
- Get your government representatives to implement a universal basic income so that AI advancement can become unquestionably a good thing for society, instead of the current system where it results in the masses losing their livelihoods and an arms race for an ever-dwindling pot of human jobs as robots overtake us. This can either result in the freedom and leisure utopia that Keynes envisioned, or mass poverty coupled with enormous wealth inequality – and inaction will lead to the latter.

Human Programmers Will be Mostly Obsolete in 5 Years

Ok so I've officially migrated the site off of GraphQL, to now just a plain boring REST API, and react-query. (backend in Node.js + express.js). Took way longer than I anticipated. Still some work left so some things on the site are currently broken.

I'd initially built this site a year ago using GraphQL and Apollo just because it was what I was most familiar with having used it at my last job.

Why did I migrate off GraphQL? A few reasons:

- N+1 problem, or multiple SQL calls getting made instead of just one. Maybe there's a way to solve this with GraphQL, but honestly I'm not sure how to do this, and it's certainly more complicated than with a REST API
- REST API is simpler, and more people are familiar with it. The API is public and I'm planning to open source it, so I want it to be accessible
- Tooling and resources more limited than REST APIs. Standards less defined
- Too much lock-in with apollo. I don't like to be dependent on anybody. Sure there are alternatives, but not really. Apollo also updates a lot, and old code gets deprecated.
- My frustration with dealing with Apollo's cache on the frontend
- Having to type the entire schema is actually time-consuming. I'm trying to optimize for developer speed here since this is a startup / side project and I'm the sole developer at the moment. Also I don't love decorators (funny since I'm using TypeORM and TypeGraphQL)
- Wanting to personally get better with REST APIs. Since my previous employment had been with GraphQL, I wanted to improve my REST API skills, as well as try out react-query.

For the record, the thinking was that I'd eventually back in the GraphQL API. The way the code is setup, that should be fairly easy on the backend, could maybe even write some code to automate that. The frontend of course is a different beast.

Also I like and probably prefer the concept of GraphQL. It makes more sense for a client to specify just the data they want. The problem is just the tooling on the backend is pretty immature, and with GraphQL it's more difficult to optimize the SQL queries (or someone please tell me if there's an effective way to do this that I'm not aware of, ideally pointing me to an example GitHub repository)

Ok now that the site is migrated, was it the promise land I was hoping for?

No. I've realized that react-query's cache control is way worse than Apollo's, and right now it looks like I'll be moving off

The API does seem to be faster as it should, but not as much as I expected - though I admit I didn't test this very rigorously.

### React-query caching kinda sucks

There doesn't seem to be a nice simple way to set and retrieve items in the cache: <https://stackoverflow.com/questions/76563755/how-to-normalize-react-query-cache-to-only-use-a-single-key-when-there-are-multi>

Apollo's caching is far superior because you can use cache.identify() to directly modify any entity in the cache (btw Apollo's documentation never mentioned that for whatever reason, wasting a lot of my time before I discovered that). React-query doesn't seem to have an equivalent. The only way to update the cache seems to be to manually do it for each API endpoint utilizing the data, using the exact same inputs that were used to call each API endpoint. What a pain in the ass.

Upvoting/downvoting doesn't live reflect anymore on this site, and I'm not sure how to even fix it with react-query without making the code incredibly convoluted.

Thus my plan is to get rid of react-query and handle the caching myself - or maybe make something similar to react-query, but with the control over the cache that I desire.

Anyways don't get me wrong react-query is great for simple sites, but for anything more complex I'm going to pass going forward. Or maybe I'm missing some information, but I don't see any explanation in the docs or online, and never got any real responses on StackOverflow, GitHub discussions, or tweeting at the tanner guy on Twitter.

All that being said, I'm happy the codebase migration is finished, and CI/CD is setup (I do that on all my projects now, but back when I made this I was still fairly new to Google Cloud Run and manually deploying like a caveman) so I can start developing on this site again! Maybe no one's noticed, but the last few weeks I haven't actually updated anything on this site because none of that stuff was setup, and I didn't want to touch the codebase as it was anyways.

But now I'm ready to pump out a ton of features on Zsync. Just need to undo this react-query monstrosity.

Migrated Zsync from Apollo GraphQL to REST API + react-query, not liking react-query

Hey guys,

So at the moment I'm prepping the code to open source it. Basically I'm migrating the codebase from GraphQL (what a mistake) to plain REST API, and cleaning up the code a bit. I built this last year on a tech stack I no longer like, and the code is crap, so I want to clean that up. I'd estimate the code migration is probably 80% done. Also going to add a few more features (eg. captcha, maybe a proper "subreddits" feature, basic mod tools)

Once it's open source, the idea is that anyone can contribute to the codebase, and changes will update on the live site. Or someone could just make their own frontend, fork it, whatever. I also think there's a shortage of open source code for real production apps in Node.js (more complex than a damn to-do app, the dumbest app to use as an example yet for whatever reason everyone does for reasons I'll never understand), so I think there's educational value as well. Also to be honest I'd like a code review myself as I'm sure there are many ways to improve it that I hadn't thought of. AI will make all this hand coding obsolete in 5-10 years anyways, so gotta take advantage of our last vestige of relevance before either AI apocalypse or UBI utopia.

After that, unless this actually gets a ton of traction, I'll probably redirect my focus to other projects (<https://mindgarden.app/>, and some other ideas I have), and start looking for paid work. Hit me up if you're hiring and open to remote work from any timezone (I'm currently in Seoul). It's weird how I'm such a significantly better developer than I was 4 years ago, yet it seems harder to find work and the compensation packages I'm seeing are often no higher than what I was getting 4 years ago - except now prices are like 50% higher. I think the golden age of software engineers is over. But on the positive side there's always opportunity, and I'm way more focused than my older self, so I know I'll make it work.

Also I welcome all feedback and suggestions on how to potentially make this thing site succeed. I've got some ideas, but I think it's probably going to be more of a long game.

Current Plans with Zsync (open source coming soon)

Here's the tech stack I used to build this site (if anyone cares). Using Typescript on the frontend and backend

- Frontend - Next.js, TailwindCSS, Apollo

- Backend - Node.js, Express, Apollo (GraphQL), TypeORM, TypeGraphQL. Database is PostgreSQL. Redis used for sessions.

- Servers are hosted on Google Cloud Run, and PostgreSQL database hosted on Digital Ocean (a lot cheaper than Google Cloud). GitHub actions for CI/CD, and pnpm workspaces for the monorepo (actually I didn't set up the last two for this project yet, but I did for my more recent projects so definitely will implement).

I've got mixed feelings on GraphQL to be honest. I like that the schema is built into it, but I'm not a big fan of Apollo, and the tooling is more immature than REST APIs.

These days I'm just using traditional REST APIs for my projects as it's simpler (eg. for [mindgarden.app](http://mindgarden.app) which is a Notion clone I've been building). I built zsync last year though when I was more comfortable with GraphQL. I guess we'll see which makes more sense. Beauty of using TypeGraphQL/TypeORM is that it makes it relatively simple to implement both. With a public API, I think it makes sense to offer both a REST API and a GraphQL API.

I also want to add websockets support so that posts update in real-time. Honestly there should just be a good backend abstraction that offers the REST API, GraphQL, and websockets (eg. feathersjs does this). If there's a good abstraction for this please post in the comments. Otherwise maybe I'll end up making my own, admittedly for the fun of it.

That's the challenge with building stuff as an engineer though - so easy to get lost in technical rabbit holes when users don't give a f about your tech stack as long as your product has the right features and works.

How I Built Zsync - The Tech Stack

Dominion, documentary exposing the dark underbelly of modern animal agriculture 🐄🐓🐖

Here’s a summary of my lessons learned living in Europe, Asia, and South America over 5 years as an American.

Asian cities like [Seoul](https://jsavage.xyz/2022/03/30/why-seoul-is-the-best-modern-city/), Singapore, and Tokyo are way more advanced than us. Doesn’t even come close. People take pride in their work, no matter how menial. These cities are by far the cleanest and safest. Trains leave exactly when scheduled. Things just work. People have high standards, as reflected in tasteful interior designs in cafes. I see more technological innovation and automation here than anywhere. Governments are able to mobilize and get things done (eg. Korea developed COVID tests in only 1 week, whereas the U.S needed another 5 weeks). More cheap, delicious, healthy food options available at any time of the day/night than anywhere in the world. Greatest density of things to do, with commercial establishments literally stacked on top of each other like a mall (I wish the rest of the world would borrow this). Highest concentration of public work cafes of anywhere. The downside is that countries like Korea and Japan have the worst work cultures (eg. long hours even if you’re doing nothing, little vacation), are overly obsessed with prestige, overly conformist, have weak entrepreneurial cultures, and governments are more prone to [authoritarianism](https://jsavage.xyz/2022/03/30/my-experience-in-south-koreas-mandatory-7-day-quarantine/).

Europeans have the healthiest perspective on work/life balance (1-3 months vacation, fewer work hours, people recognize that life is more than just your job), the sanest governments, and public transportation so good you don’t need a car (you can travel the whole continent by rail and bus). In most European countries basic human services like education and healthcare are free or practically free (in Denmark students even get paid a stipend to go to university). Government systems tend to be parliamentary multi-party systems that greater represent the will of the people. [Switzerland has the best government system in the world](https://jsavage.xyz/2022/03/24/why-switzerland-has-the-best-government-system-in-the-world/) with its referendum system. Homelessness although greater than in east Asia is very rare, unlike the U.S where there’s so much endlessly increasing rampant homelessness you feel like the apocalypse is imminent. Generous welfare systems means that in many countries you don’t have to wage slave and stress about destitution, and worker protection laws means that you can’t get fired unless you really do something terrible. Everyone is well-traveled, cultured, and speaks multiple languages. I was shocked to learn that in countries like Denmark and Germany it is the norm to take a gap year after high school to travel the world. I’ve found that European people (which is a huge generalization since Europe has 44 countries) seem to have the highest level of intelligence and independent thinking, and tend to be much more honest and straightforward than Americans.

The downside of Europe is that it’s not the most modern or advanced (Asia wins there), tech salaries suck, there’s less of a culture of entrepreneurship, and there are few proper megacities. Stores are open less hours, especially in countries like Italy and Spain where they have siesta. Some countries have very high tax rates, though as an American who lived in a state with one of the highest tax rates (NYC), I was shocked to learn that my tax rate in the U.S was higher than in countries like Switzerland that actually have functional government systems (eg. healthcare, welfare). Also there’s a massive difference between European countries. Switzerland for example has automated checkout machines in grocery stores, whereas I never saw that nearby in Rome, Italy. Whereas countries like Switzerland and Estonia are highly efficient, Mediterranean countries like Spain, Italy, and Greece are notorious for having awful bureaucracies, and their economies are not exactly thriving.

The U.S is money-obsessed, workaholic, cutthroat, completely lacking in public transportation (outside of NYC you pretty much need a car everywhere), lacking in proper cities with most of the country looking like a giant strip mall / parking lot, outrageous levels of [poverty](https://jsavage.xyz/2019/07/31/poverty-is-a-human-choice/) and [homelessness](https://jsavage.xyz/2019/10/31/is-it-possible-to-live-in-nyc-and-have-a-moral-conscious/), [dysfunctional ultra-polarized failing two-party government system](https://jsavage.xyz/2019/08/16/americas-failed-democracy/) where no one feels represented, failing government that can’t handle taking care of basic services like healthcare and education, and rampant guns and mass neverending shootings. Most Americans are not well traveled (63% of Americans do not have a valid passport). Perhaps the biggest achilles heal of America is that Americans delude themselves into believing that America is the greatest country on the planet, and due to this arrogance make no effort to learn from other countries even when America’s inferiority is completely and objectively obvious (eg. America’s healthcare system).

The U.S is very diverse with people of every ethnicity. Everyone (except for Native Americans) is an immigrant, it’s just a question of how far back your ancestors immigrated. This diversity is probably party responsible for the lack of empathy people have for one another as reflected in the lack of universal healthcare and welfare. The positive however is that racism is less rampant in the U.S, and anybody can choose to become an American (whereas no matter how long you live in Japan, you will never be considered Japanese).

American people do tend to be friendly, warm, and outgoing. I also find Americans more likely to be entrepreneurial and ambitious, particularly in cities like NYC and SF. The downside is that Americans tend to be significantly faker (eg. the stereotype of two American girls pretending to be so excited to see each other and talking about needing to make plans, but then never talk to each other again), and overly afraid to talk about “controversial” (ie. interesting) topics like politics. I find it significantly easier to talk about politics and other divisive topics with Europeans, whereas Americans are often completely uncomfortable to talk about those things, whether due to fear of offending other people or a strange emotional attachment to their beliefs. Also I think that Americans are more likely to be arrogant, lacking in empathy, and crazy (though crazy can sometimes be a good thing). In Europe and Asia you tend to have less of the extremes.

South American people are the warmest, most outgoing, most laidback, most physical, and most sexual. There is more gender polarity in South America than in western Europe or the U.S – where some feminists will go as far as to cry oppression when a man opens a door for them. South Americans are by far the best dancers, with Latina women having an incredible natural ability to move their hips. The nightlife in South America is the best. If Americans live to work and Europeans work to live, then South Americans are further on the “work to live” spectrum than the Europeans. Unlike with Germans or the Swiss, punctuality is not an expectation.

The downside is that this greater warmth also comes with greater fakeness. Colombian women are notorious for flaking because they try so hard to be polite that they’ll accept dates even when they don’t have any intention of showing up. My friend who lived in Medellin was frustrated when he’d repeatedly arrange meetings with this neighbor (to discuss a complaint) only to find the neighbor wouldn’t show up. The prioritization of life and fun means that intelligence levels seem to be lower on average. There’s a stereotype of men being more prone to commitment issues.

It’s hard to generalize South American countries because there is such enormous variation between cities like Sao Paulo and Bogota. But overall I was very impressed with cities like Sao Paulo and Buenos Aires, with parts of Sao Paulo often looking nicer than NYC. Bogota on the other hand is an objectively ugly and dangerous city. Overall however, South American countries have the highest poverty (eg. favelas), highest crime, and most corrupt governments.

I’ve found that poorer “third world” countries are often just as developed as first world countries, just cheaper and with lower salaries so imports are more expensive (eg. electronics). Cities like Kyiv and Belgrade look just as good if not better than many cities in the U.S and western Europe, just with prices at a fraction of the cost (again I prefer European cities to American cities because you don’t need a car in European cities due to walkability and public transportation). Despite salaries being significantly less in Kyiv and Belgrade, you will see few homeless people whereas in Los Angeles, San Francisco, and NYC you will see homeless people everywhere and sidewalks lined with tents. I think Americans would be shocked to see how well the rest of the world lives.

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I think there’s a lot that countries can learn from each other. As an American, I hope that America will borrow the walkability and public transportation of Europe and Asia, the technological advancement, innovation, and high standards of Asia, the government competency, empathy, and healthy perspective on work/life balance freedom of Europe, and the warmth and fun of South America. America’s diversity, inclusion, culture of entrepreneurship, and friendliness are definitely strengths that would benefit from borrowing from the strengths of other cultures.

What the U.S. Can Learn From Europe, Asia, and South America

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Just arrived to Osaka, Japan for a few days and looking for some nice cafes to work from. Any suggestions?

I'm writing this from a nice cafe I found here, but unfortunately they charge for the wifi (1,100 yen for 2 hours, 2,500 for day pass. I wish they told me this before I bought my drink)!

In Tokyo and Fukuoka I was able to find nice ones to work from, but in my brief walk here I didn't see much. But perhaps I'm not in the right area (this area feels super hipster [😂](https://emojipedia.org/face-with-tears-of-joy/)).

On a broader note, I wonder if there's a way to foster the knowledge share of nice cafes to work from. I recognize that it's a bit of a prisoner's dilemma problem. Had a vision for a site to solve this and built a basic prototype [nomadz.app](http://nomadz.app), but stopped working on it due to time constraints, but it's definitely something I want to build out in the future. There's just so much opportunity now with AI and everything it's hard to justify working on something like this, especially since I'm not financially independent and thus ultimately to a degree still a slave to money.

Just Landed in Osaka, Japan - Looking for Nice Work Cafes

I've been building a Notion clone + publishing tool. Here I'll post dev updates (as well as on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/jeremybernier)).

Site: <http://mindgarden.app>

**2023-08-08** Just added Stripe payments and created landing page for <http://mindgarden.app>, my Notion clone (note-taking app) + publishing tool

Next I will prob make a video for the landing page showing what this is + how to use it b/c I don't think it's very clear. Then will try to get it in front of people to get feedback to validate the idea and/or refine the product/marketing.

I know the landing page is ugly because it's not a separate page, but a file directly in the app. I thought it'd be cool to immediately load the app and allow people to instantly start using the product (also I personally hate landing pages, but maybe I need to get over that). This makes it tough to style this page, but perhaps can figure something out later.

I'm building out some sites using <http://mindgarden.app>. Currently <http://codefire.dev> (built a couple days ago) and <http://jbernier.com> use the MindGarden API, and planning to build out those sites + more to show what it's capable of.

Will this succeed? Who knows. In any case I use the product myself, so at least there's one happy customer. We'll see if I can turn this into something useful for others as well.

Let me know what you think / open to feedback. I'm new to the whole entrepreneurship thing - this is actually my first time adding payments to anything I've made (wish I'd done this sooner).

<http://mindgarden.app>

<https://twitter.com/jeremybernier/status/1688814645598208000>